Immuno-Diagnostics Antibodies and Antigens for Alzheimer Disease (AD) Diagnosis
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Alzheimer’s disease, commonly referred to as senile dementia, possesses histopathological points that include extra cellular Aβ plaques and microvascular τ protein Intra cytoplasmic neuro fibrillary tangles in the brain.
Alzheimer’s disease is another non-curable neurological disorder which contributes to 60%-80% of dementia and hampers thinking abilities. Studies indicate that there are about 15 people out of a hundred affected by at least one type of musculoskeletal disorder. According to recent statistics, there are more than 07 million dementia patients in China of which 8229028 are over 60 years of age and about 9. 83 million AD patients.
Figure 1. PET scans of tau and beta-amyloid for Alzheimer's disease.
What are the biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease ?
AAIC 2023 released a draft of the AD diagnostic criteria, all of which include blood-based biomarker tests for the first time. Each of these biomarkers has its corresponding cerebrospinal fluid and plasma concentrations, so, AD can be diagnosed through plasma biomarkers such as; Aβ42, Aβ40, P-tau181, P-tau217, P-tau231, NFL, and GFAP. These biomarkers have not been tested on actual large populations and such groups should Go further analysis. Since the definitive biomarkers of AD have not reached the clinical level at present, it is impossible to diagnose AD only by relying on the examination indicators.
| Biomarker category | fluid | imaging |
|---|---|---|
| Core Biomarkers | ||
| A (Ab proteinopathy) | Ab42/40 | Amyloid PET |
| T (AD tau proteinopathy) | ptau 181, 217 | Tau PET |
| Non - specific biomarkers of tissue reaction involved in AD pathophysiology | ||
| N (injury, dysfunction, or degeneration of neuropil) | NfL | Anatomic MR, FDG PET |
| I (inflammation) Astrocytic activation | GFAP | |
| Biomarkers of non-AD co-pathology | ||
| V vascular brain injury | Anatomic infarction, WMH, abundant dilated perivascular spaces | |
| S α-synuclein | αSyn-SAA* | |
Alzheimer’s Disease belongs to neurodegenerative disorders where there is the identification of the mislocation of the tau protein which is of importance in the structure of neurons. Recent studies suggest that levels of one of the phosphorylation products are implicated in Alzheimer’s Disease, namely Phospho-tau181 (p-tau181)
, Phospho-tau217 (p-tau217) , Phospho-tau231 (p-tau231). Among the various phosphorylated tau forms, p-tau202/205, p-tau212/214, p-tau413, and p-tau422 showed the first group in which a significant upregulation in the brain occurs after Aβ accumulation. These raises happen decades before neurofibrillary tangles are identified and long before the first signs of dementia are manifested. The following biomarkers are even more sensitive than Aβ levels quantified: These improvements help in achieving a better distinction between AD and related conditions of dementia. Of interest, the levels of phospho-tau protein fragments can rise tenfold in blood concentrations during the development of AD as the Aβ42/40 ratio drops by only 15 percent.
For instance, available monoclonal antibodies include AT8, AT100, AT180, and AT270, which selectively target specific tau proteins. For example, AT8 reacts to the tau protein phosphorylated at the serine 202 and threonine 205 positions, which helps recognize the appropriate location of the protein in AD. AT100 antibodies recognise phosphorylated tau at threonine 212 and serine 214 thus, making it easier to diagnose early stage neurofibrillary tangles in AD. ;However, none of the existing antibodies targeted Tau on the threonine 231 site, and AT180 antibody recently proved to bind at this site shed light on how phosphorylation of tau protein leads to neurodegeneration. In addition, AT270 binds selectively with phosphorylated tau on threonine 181 and is capable of identifying increased concentrations of tau protein, which is a characteristic feature of AD, in the cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients. These monoclonal antibodies are testament to be effective research reagents in unraveling the pathophysiologic processes implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
The most recommended products of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
Tau protein and beta amyloid are the two biomarkers most ADD preferred by patient. Decreased levels of a protein called tau point to the death of neurons, while the buildup of other proteins called beta-amyloid form plaques that interfere with the normal functioning of cells. It has been established that their assessment is vital in the diagnosis of early AD, in the evaluation and tracking of disease progression and in evaluating the effectiveness of treatments within the field and the management of AD.
Click to check the technical information for recommended Antibodies:
Tau Products
Beta-Amyloid Products
- Figure 1: Validation p-tau181/p-tau217/p-tau231 antibody
- Figure 2-3: Validation Aβ40/Aβ42 antibody
Figure 1. Validation of GeneMedi's Anti-human p-tau181/p-tau217/p-tau231 antibody
A. GeneMedi's
GMP-h-p-tau181-Ab01 (Anti-human p-tau181 antibody) is validated to detect the
GMP-h-p-tau181-Ag01 (p-tau181 antigen) in ELISA, EC50 = 25.26ng/ml.
B. GeneMedi's
GMP-h-p-tau217-Ab01 (Anti-human p-tau217 antibody) is validated to detect the
GMP-h-p-tau217-Ag01 (p-tau217 antigen) in ELISA, EC50 = 25.85ng/ml.
C.
GeneMedi's
GMP-h-p-tau231-Ab01 (Anti-human p-tau231 antibody) is validated to detect the
GMP-h-p-tau231-Ag01 (p-tau231 antigen) in ELISA. EC50 = 64.34ng/ml.
Figure 2. ELISA Validation of GeneMedi's Aβ40/Aβ42 antibody
Indirect ELISA analysis of clone [B], [A]
and [A] antibody specificity, [B] and [A] can Recognizes Aβ40, while [A] has no cross-reactivity
with
Aβ40 Picture indirect ELISA analysis of cloned [B], [A] and [A] antibody specificity. [B] and [A]
can
recognize Aβ42 , while [A] has no cross-reaction with Aβ42.
A: GMP-h-Aβ42-Ab01
B: GMP-h-Aβ42-Ab02
The high-performance Aβ40 and Aβ42 antibody raw materials developed by GeneMedi have the
advantages of good
specificity and high sensitivity, and are the preferred raw materials for the development of in
vitro
diagnostics reagents for Alzheimer's disease.
Figure 3. CLIA verification data of GeneMedi's Aβ40/Aβ42 antibody
Beta-amyloid(1-42) antibodies (GMP-h-Aβ42-Ab02 and GMP-h-Aβ42-Ab01) established a standard curve by chemiluminescence method, and the detection range of Aβ42 was 100-1700 pg/mL.
GeneMedi's products for Neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer Disease (AD)) testing
Classification: p-tau181 p-tau217 p-tau231 p-tau202 and 205 p-tau212 and 214 p-tau413 p-tau422 Tau NFL GFAP Aβ42 Aβ40 albumin Aβ38 HFABP MCP-1 neurogranin NSE sTREM2 VLP-1 YKL-40 α-synuclein AD7c-NTP Amantadine (AM) TCA
Phospho-tau181 (p-tau181)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-p-tau181 | Human | Phospho-tau181 (p-tau181) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-p-tau181-Ag01: Phospho-tau181 (p-tau181) antigen GMP-h-p-tau181-Ag02: Phospho-tau181 (p-tau181) antigen (full length) |
GMP-h-p-tau181-Ab01; GMP-h-p-tau181-Ab02: Anti-human p-tau181 mouse monoclonal antibody(mAb) |
Details |
Phospho-tau217 (p-tau217)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-p-tau217 | Human | Phospho-tau217 (p-tau217) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-p-tau217-Ag01: Phospho-tau217 (p-tau217) antigen GMP-h-p-tau217-Ag02: Phospho-tau217 (p-tau217) antigen (full length) |
GMP-h-p-tau217-Ab01; GMP-h-p-tau217-Ab02: Anti-human p-tau217 mouse monoclonal antibody(mAb) |
Details |
Phospho-tau231 (p-tau231)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-p-tau231 | Human | Phospho-tau231 (p-tau231) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-p-tau231-Ag01: Phospho-tau231 (p-tau231) antigen GMP-h-p-tau231-Ag02: Phospho-tau231 (p-tau231) antigen (full length) |
GMP-h-p-tau231-Ab01; GMP-h-p-tau231-Ab02: Anti-human p-tau231 mouse monoclonal antibody(mAb) |
Details |
Phospho-tau202 and 205 (p-tau202 and 205)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-p-tau202/205 | Human | Phospho-tau202 and 205 (p-tau202 and 205) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-p-tau202/205-Ag01: Phospho-tau202 and 205 (p-tau202 and 205) antigen |
GMP-h-p-tau202/205-Ab01; GMP-h-p-tau202/205-Ab02: Anti-Human p-tau202 and 205 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) |
Details |
Phospho-tau212 and 214 (p-tau212 and 214)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-p-tau212/214 | Human | Phospho-tau212 and 214 (p-tau212 and 214) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-p-tau212/214-Ag01: Phospho-tau212 and 214 (p-tau212 and 214) antigen |
GMP-h-p-tau212/214-Ab01; GMP-h-p-tau212/214-Ab02: Anti-Human p-tau212 and 214 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) |
Details |
Phospho-tau413 (p-tau413)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-p-tau413 | Human | Phospho-tau413 (p-tau413) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-p-tau413-Ag01: Phospho-tau413 (p-tau413) antigen |
GMP-h-p-tau413-Ab01; GMP-h-p-tau413-Ab02: Anti-human p-tau413 mouse monoclonal antibody(mAb) |
Details |
Phospho-tau422 (p-tau422)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-p-tau422 | Human | Phospho-tau422 (p-tau422) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-p-tau422-Ag01: Phospho-tau422 (p-tau422) antigen |
GMP-h-p-tau422-Ab01; GMP-h-p-tau422-Ab02: Anti-human p-tau422 mouse monoclonal antibody(mAb) |
Details |
tau proteins (Tau)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-Tau | Human | tau proteins (Tau) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-Tau-Ag01: Recombinant human Tau Protein |
GMP-h-Tau-Ab01; GMP-h-Tau-Ab02; GMP-h-Tau-Ab03: Anti-human Tau mouse monoclonal antibody(mAb) |
Details |
neurofilament light chain (NFL)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-NFL | Human | neurofilament light chain (NFL) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-NFL-Ag01: Recombinant human NFL Protein |
GMP-h-NFL-Ab01; GMP-h-NFL-Ab02: Anti-human NFL mouse monoclonal antibody(mAb) |
Details |
Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-GFAP | Human | Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-GFAP-Ag01: Recombinant human GFAP Protein |
GMP-h-GFAP-Ab01; GMP-h-GFAP-Ab02: Anti-human GFAP mouse monoclonal antibody(mAb) |
Details |
beta-amyloid 42 (Aβ42)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-Aβ42 | Human | beta-amyloid 42 (Aβ42) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-Aβ42-Ag01: Beta-amyloid 42 (Aβ42) antigen |
GMP-h-Aβ42-Ab01; GMP-h-Aβ42-Ab02: Anti-human Aβ42 mouse monoclonal antibody(mAb) |
Details |
beta-amyloid 40 (Aβ40)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-Aβ40 | Human | beta-amyloid 40 (Aβ40) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-Aβ40-Ag01: Beta-amyloid 40 (Aβ40) antigen |
GMP-h-Aβ40-Ab01; GMP-h-Aβ40-Ab02: Anti-human Aβ40 mouse monoclonal antibody(mAb) |
Details |
albumin protein (albumin)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-albumin | Human | albumin protein (albumin) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-albumin-Ag01: Recombinant Human albumin Protein |
GMP-h-albumin-Ab01; GMP-h-albumin-Ab02: Anti-Human albumin mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) |
Details |
beta-amyloid 38 (Aβ38)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-Aβ38 | Human | beta-amyloid 38 (Aβ38) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-Aβ38-Ag01: Beta-amyloid 38 (Aβ38) antigenn |
GMP-h-Aβ38-Ab01; GMP-h-Aβ38-Ab02: Anti-Human Aβ38 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) |
Details |
Heart fatty acid-binding protein (HFABP)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-HFABP | Human | Heart fatty acid-binding protein (HFABP) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-HFABP-Ag01: Recombinant Human HFABP Protein |
GMP-h-HFABP-Ab01; GMP-h-HFABP-Ab02: Anti-Human HFABP mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) |
Details |
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-MCP-1 | Human | Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-MCP-1-Ag01: Recombinant Human MCP-1 Protein |
GMP-h-MCP-1-Ab01; GMP-h-MCP-1-Ab02: Anti-Human MCP-1 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) |
Details |
neurogranin protein (neurogranin)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-neurogranin | Human | neurogranin protein (neurogranin) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-neurogranin-Ag01: Recombinant Human neurogranin Protein |
GMP-h-neurogranin-Ab01; GMP-h-neurogranin-Ab02: Anti-Human neurogranin mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) |
Details |
neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-NSE | Human | neuron-specific enolase (NSE) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-NSE-Ag01: Recombinant Human NSE Protein |
GMP-h-NSE-Ab01; GMP-h-NSE-Ab02: Anti-Human NSE mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) |
Details |
soluble fragment of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-sTREM2 | Human | soluble fragment of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-sTREM2-Ag01: Recombinant Human sTREM2 Protein |
GMP-h-sTREM2-Ab01; GMP-h-sTREM2-Ab02: Anti-Human sTREM2 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) |
Details |
Visinin-like protein 1 (VLP-1)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-VLP-1 | Human | Visinin-like protein 1 (VLP-1) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-VLP-1-Ag01: Recombinant Human VLP-1 Protein |
GMP-h-VLP-1-Ab01; GMP-h-VLP-1-Ab02: Anti-Human VLP-1 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) |
Details |
Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1/YKL-40)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-YKL-40 | Human | Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1/YKL-40) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-YKL-40-Ag01: Recombinant Human YKL-40 Protein |
GMP-h-YKL-40-Ab01; GMP-h-YKL-40-Ab02: Anti-Human YKL-40 mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) |
Details |
Alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-α-synuclein | Human | Alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein) | Alzheimer Disease (AD), Parkinson's disease |
GMP-h-α-synuclein-Ag01: Recombinant Human α-synuclein Protein |
GMP-h-α-synuclein-Ab01; GMP-h-α-synuclein-Ab02: Anti-Human α-synuclein mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) |
Details |
AD-associated neuaronal thread protein (AD7c-NTP)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-h-AD7c-NTP | Human | AD-associated neuaronal thread protein (AD7c-NTP) | Alzheimer Disease(AD) | GMP-h-AD7c-NTP-Ag01: Recombinant human AD7c-NTP Protein |
GMP-h-AD7c-NTP-Ab01; GMP-h-AD7c-NTP-Ab02: Anti-human AD7c-NTP mouse monoclonal antibody(mAb) |
Details |
Amantadine(AM)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-SMT-169 | Human | Amantadine(AM) | Influenza A, Parkinson's disease | GMP-SMT-169-Ag01: BSA-Amantadine(AM) GMP-SMT-169-Ag02: OVA-Amantadine(AM) |
GMP-SMT-169-Ab01: Anti-Amantadine(AM) mouse monoclonal antibody(mAb) GMP-SMT-169-Ab02: Anti-Amantadine(AM) human monoclonal antibody(mAb) |
Details |
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)
| Cat No. | Species | Biomarker | Disease | Cat No.of Antigen | Cat No.of Antibodies | Products Information |
| GMP-SMT-243 | Human | Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) | Alzheimer Disease (AD) | GMP-SMT-243-Ag01: BSA-Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) GMP-SMT-243-Ag02: OVA-Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) |
GMP-SMT-243-Ab01: Anti-Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) mouse monoclonal antibody(mAb) GMP-SMT-243-Ab02: Anti-Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) human monoclonal antibody(mAb) |
Details |
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